Everything about The Brazilian Declaration Of Independence totally explained
The
Brazilian Declaration of Independence comprised a series of political events occurred in
1821-
1825, most of which involved disputes between colonial
Brazil and
Portugal regarding the call for independence presented by the colony. Although the conflict wasn't completely bloodless, it was much less violent than the
wars for independence fought in
Latin America.
Beginning of independence movement
For a while colonial Brazil was seat of King
João VI and his government, after they fled from
Napoleon's army during the
Napoleonic wars in 1808.
The eruption of the
Liberal Revolution of 1820 started in
Porto, led the Royal family to return to Portugal in
1821, leaving only a portion of the Brazilian delegates present on the government. The Government, then, voted to abolish the Kingdom of Brazil and the royal agencies in
Rio de Janeiro and to make all the provinces subordinate directly to Lisbon.
Portugal sent troops to Brazil and placed all Brazilian units under Portuguese command. In January
1822, tension between Portuguese troops and the Luso-Brazilians (Brazilian-born citizens of Portugal) turned violent when Brazilian regent-prince
Pedro accepted petitions from Brazilian towns begging him to refuse the Portuguese order to return to Lisbon.
Responding to their pressure and to the argument that his departure and the dismantling of the central government would trigger separatist movements, he vowed to stay. The Portuguese "lead feet", as the Brazilians called the troops, rioted before concentrating their forces on
Cerro Castello, which was soon surrounded by thousands of armed Brazilians. Dom Pedro "dismissed" the Portuguese commanding general and ordered him to remove his soldiers across the bay to Niteroi. Pedro formed a new government headed by
José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva of São Paulo. This former royal official and professor of science at the
University of Coimbra was crucial to the subsequent direction of events and is regarded as one of the formative figures of Brazilian nationalism, indeed, as the patriarch of independence.
The atmosphere was so charged that Dom Pedro sought assurances of asylum on a British ship in case he lost the looming confrontation; he also sent his family to safety out of the city. In the following days, the Portuguese commander delayed embarcation, hoping that expected reinforcements would arrive. However, the reinforcements that arrived off Rio de Janeiro on
March 5,
1822, were not allowed to land. Instead, they were given supplies for the voyage back to Portugal. This round had been won without bloodshed.
Beginning of violent insurgency
Blood had been shed in
Recife in the Province of
Pernambuco, when the Portuguese garrison there had been forced to depart in November 1821. In mid-February 1822, Bahians revolted against the Portuguese forces there but were driven into the countryside, where they began
guerrilla operations, signaling that the struggle in the north wouldn't be without loss of life and property. To secure
Minas Gerais and
São Paulo, where there were no Portuguese troops but where there were doubts about independence, Don Pedro engaged in some royal populism.
Towns in Minas Gerais had expressed their loyalty at the time of Pedro's vow to remain, save for the junta in
Ouro Preto, the provincial capital. Pedro realized that unless Minas Gerais were solidly with him, he'd be unable to broaden his authority to other provinces. With only a few companions and no ceremony or pomp, Pedro plunged into Minas Gerais on horseback in late March 1822, receiving enthusiastic welcomes and allegiances everywhere. Back in Rio de Janeiro on May 13, he proclaimed himself the "perpetual defender of Brazil" and shortly thereafter called a
Constituent Assembly (Assembléia Constituinte) for the next year. To deepen his base of support, he joined the freemasons, who, led by
José Bonifácio Andrada e Silva, were pressing for parliamentary government and independence. More confident, in early August he called on the Brazilian deputies in Lisbon to return, decreed that Portuguese forces in Brazil should be treated as enemies, and issued a manifesto to "friendly nations".
Proclamation of Independence
Seeking to duplicate his triumph in Minas Gerais, Pedro rode to São Paulo in August to assure himself of support there and began a disastrous affair with
Domitila de Castro that would later weaken his government. Returning from an excursion to Santos, Pedro received messages from his wife and from Andrada e Silva that the Côrtes considered his government traitorous and was dispatching more troops. In a famous scene at the shore of the
Ipiranga river on
September 7, 1822, he'd to choose between returning to Portugal in disgrace or opting for independence. He tore the Portuguese blue and white insignia from his uniform, drew his sword, and swore:
"By my blood, by my honour, and by God: I'll make Brazil free." Their motto, he said, would be
"Independência ou Morte!" (
"Independence or Death!").
British and French contribution
Pedro's government employed foreign
mercenaries like Admiral
Thomas Alexander Cochrane, one of
Britain's most successful naval commanders in the Napoleonic Wars and recently commander of the
Chilean naval forces against
Spain. Pedro's government also hired a number of Admiral Cochrane's officers and
French General
Pierre Labatut, who had fought in
Colombia. These men were to lead the fight to drive the Portuguese out of
Bahia,
Maranhão, and
Pará, and to force those areas to replace Lisbon's rule with that of Rio de Janeiro. Money from customs at Rio de Janeiro's port and local donations outfitted the army and the nine-vessel fleet. The use of foreign mercenaries brought needed military skills. The much-feared Cochrane secured Maranhão with a single warship, despite the Portuguese military's attempt to disrupt the economics and society with a scorched-earth campaign and with promises of freedom for the slaves. By mid-1823 the contending forces numbered between 10,000 and 20,000 Portuguese, some of whom were veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, versus 200,755 to 200,935 Brazilians, mostly in militia units from the Northeast.
International recognition
Some historians have erred in supporting historian
Manuel de Oliveira Lima's contention that independence came without bloodshed. In fact, although both sides avoided massive set battles, they did engage in guerrilla tactics, demonstrations, and countermoves . There is little information on casualties, but the fighting provided a female martyr in Mother
Joana Angélica, who was bayoneted to death by Portuguese troops invading her convent in Bahia.
Britain and Portugal recognized Brazilian independence by signing a treaty on
August 29,
1825. Until then, the Brazilians feared that Portugal would resume its attack. Portuguese retribution, however, came in a financial form. Secret codicils of the treaty with Portugal required that Brazil assume payment of 1.4 million pounds sterling owed to Britain and indemnify Dom
João VI and other Portuguese for losses totaling 600,000 pounds sterling. Brazil also renounced future annexation of Portuguese African colonies, and in a side treaty with Britain, promised to end the
slave trade. Neither of these measures pleased the Brazilian slave-holding planters, and
slavery in Brazil would continue for several decades after independence.
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